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Probation and Parole in the United States, 2007 - Statistical Tables |
Probation and Parole in the United States , 2007- Statistical TablesMethodologyBeginning in 1980 the Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey collected data on the total number of persons supervised in the community on January 1 and December 31 of each year and on the number of persons entering and exiting supervision during the year. These surveys cover the federal system, all 50 states, and the District of Columbia. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) depends entirely upon the voluntary participation of the state central reporters and the separate state, county, and court agencies for the annual probation and parole data. In 2007 the U.S. Census Bureau served as the BJS collection agent, except for the federal system. Data for the federal system were provided directly to BJS through the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program which obtained data from the Office of Probation and Pretrial Services, Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Because many states update their population counts, the January 1, 2007, numbers may differ from those previously published for December 31, 2006. Probation The 2007 Annual Probation Survey was sent to 464 respondents — the federal system, 33 central state reporters, the District of Columbia, and 429 separate state, county, or court agencies. States with multiple reporters were Alabama (3), Arizona (2), Colorado (8), Florida (41), Georgia (2), Idaho (2), Kentucky (3), Michigan (131), Missouri (2), Montana (4), New Mexico (2), Ohio (187), Oklahoma (3), Pennsylvania (2), Tennessee (3), Washington (32), and West Virginia (2). One state, Oklahoma, did not provide data. See Imputing entries and exits for non-reporting agencies for more details. Parole The 2007 Annual Parole Survey was sent to 55 respondents, including 51 central state reporters, the federal system, the California Youth Authority, 1 municipal agency in Alabama, and the state agency in Pennsylvania which provided county-level data. States with multiple reporters were Alabama (2), California (2), and Pennsylvania (2). One state, Oklahoma, did not provide data. See Imputing entries and exits for non-reporting agencies for more details. Federal parole as defined here includes supervised release, parole, military parole, special parole, and mandatory release. Imputing entries and exits for non-reporting agencies Entries were imputed for non-reporting agencies using one of five methods, depending on data availability. The first method estimated entries to probation by applying the ratio of entries to the January 1 population in a recent year to the January 1, 2007, population for the same agency. Exits were estimated by adding the estimated entries to the January 1, 2007, population and subtracting the December 31, 2007, population. This method was used to estimate probation entries and exits for non-reporting agencies in Kentucky, Michigan (the state agency), New Mexico, and Pennsylvania counties. This method was also used to estimate parole entries and exits for Pennsylvania counties. A second method was used for Illinois which did not report parole data for 2006 and only reported the December 31 population for 2007. Illinois reported a parole population of 33,354 on December 31, 2007, which was less than the parole population of 34,576 reported on December 31, 2005, when Illinois last provided data. The ratio of entries to the December 31 population and the ratio of exits to the December 31 population for 2007 were estimated from parole data provided by Illinois for 2004 because that was the most recent year in which the Illinois parole population declined. These ratios were then applied to the number on parole in Illinois on December 31, 2007, to estimate entries and exits, respectively. The January 1, 2007, parole population was estimated by adding the estimated number of exits and subtracting the estimated number of entries from the December 31, 2007, parole population. The third method estimated entries to probation supervision for county and district agencies which did not report entries and exits but which provided an estimate of their December 31, 2007, probation population. The ratio of entries to the January 1, 2007, population among reporting agencies in the same state was used to estimate the number of entries for non-reporting agencies having similar numbers of probationers. Exits from probation supervision were estimated in the same manner as in the first method (above). This method was used to estimate probation entries and exits for non-reporting agencies in Colorado, Florida, Michigan, Ohio, and Washington. A fourth method was used to estimate entries for West Virginia’s state agency. The number of entries was estimated using the ratio of entries to January 1, 2007, population among reporting agencies within the same region. Exits for the non-reporting agency in West Virginia were estimated in the same manner as in the first method (above). A fifth method was used for Oklahoma’s state agency which was unable to provide either probation or parole data for 2007, pending further examination of its data reporting procedures. The December 31, 2006 population, which was the last year Oklahoma’s state agency was able to provide data, was used to estimate both the January 1 and December 31, 2007, populations for the agency. Entries and exits for this agency were both estimated as the approximate average of probation entries and exits, and parole entries and exits, respectively, during 2006. Total imputed entries of 13,800 for Oklahoma include 2,785 entries to probation reported by two localities within Oklahoma and total imputed exits of 13,000 for Oklahoma include 1,998 exits from probation supervision within those two localities in Oklahoma. Estimating the adult resident population Estimates of the adult resident population in each state on January 1, 2008, were provided to BJS by the U.S. Census Bureau. |
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